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The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, or LDAP , is an application protocol for querying and modifying directory services running over TCP/IP. Although not yet widely implemented, LDAP should eventually make it possible for almost any application running on virtually any computer platform to obtain directory information, such as email addresses and public keys. Because LDAP is an open protocol, applications need not worry about the type of server hosting the directory.

What is Active Directory? An active directory is a directory structure used on Microsoft Windows based computers and servers to store information and data about networks and domains. It is primarily used for online information and was originally created in 1996. It was first used with Windows 2000. An active directory (sometimes referred to as an AD) does a variety of functions including the ability to rovide information on objects, helps organize these objects for easy retrieval and access, allows access by end users and administrators and allows the administrator to set security up for the directory. Active Directory is a hierarchical collection of network resources that can contain users, computers, printers, and other Active Directories. Active Directory Services (ADS) allow administrators to handle and maintain all network resources from a single location . Active Directory stores information and settings in a central database

An ISO file is an image that contains all the data files and file system metadata (i.e. boot code, structures, and attributes) of a CD/DVD. In order to mount an ISO image, a disk image emulator that will allow the content of a CD/DVD to be read from an ISO image via a virtual drive is needed. Depending on the Operating System being used, the user can open built-in disk image emulators or download and install free software from the Internet. How to Mount an ISO Image under Microsoft Windows Windows OS users can download and install free disk image mounting programs like Daemon Tools Lite, the non-commercial version of Daemon Tools Pro Standard. It has a graphical user interface (GUI) and command-line interface. It can support up to 4 virtual SCSI CD/DVD devices and can bypass copy protection schemes like SafeDisc and SecuROM. To mount an ISO image using Daemon Tools, take the steps listed below: After installation, right click the Daemon Tools icon (lightning bolt) located in

PXE Boot (Pre-eXecution Environment) is a protocol that boots computers without using a hard drive or an operating system. It is often used in industrial computers that do not require a graphical user interface, but require other applications to be run. PXE Boot is run over a network of computers and may or may not include Internet access. It is almost exclusively used in systems that are connected to a central server and uses subsequent computers to run virtual operating systems or DOS-like APIs. How PXE Boot Works PXE Boot requires that the computer it is installed on to boot from a network before any other operating systems or hard drives. If a local hard drive is connected to the computer, PXE Boot will be able to access it, but will also run if the hard drive is corrupted or nonexistent. PXE Boot receives all of its commands directly from the network server that it is connected to, with the network server handling all storage and user accessibility. The network server sends

What is The Recovery Console? The Recovery Console is a command-line prompt that is available in most versions of the Windows Operating System. It allows users to repair/replace broken, corrupted, or missing system files. These files are crucial to Windows' normal functionality and performance and the entire operating system can stop working if these files are damaged. In fact, Windows may not startup at all when these files are missing and requires the user to open the Recovery Console from the Installation CD or boot menu. The Recovery Console can be found in Windows XP, Windows 2000, and Windows Servers 2003. However, it has been replaced in Windows Vista and Windows 7 with an array of features known as System Recovery. How To Install The Recovery Console Users can take advantage of the Recovery Console by using the installation CD that came with the computer. If this disc is no longer available, the user can open the Recovery Console in the boot menu, but only if it has

Usbehci.sys is a USB controller driver for Windows XP Service Pack 1. Usbehci.sys is a required file that manages USB ports and Plug-and-Play services. While Usbehci.sys should be included in any Windows Operating System installation, this file is often missing and may prevent the user from installing Windows XP properly. Usbehci.sys runs exclusively on the Windows Operating System and can be found in the Drivers subfolder of the primary hard drive’s System32 folder. How Usbehci.sys Works Usbehci.sys is the software component that allows the computer to run its USB ports and recognize USB-based devices that are connected to it. If Usbehci.sys is missing from the computer, the user may not be able to install the Windows Operating System properly, make repairs to it, or use the USB ports. If Usbehci.sys is not included in the Windows XP Service Pack 1 or Windows Operating System installation disc, the copy of either of these services is most likely corrupted or faulty. Is Usb

Csrss.exe (Client/Server Runtime Subsystem) is a critical Windows Operating System process that manages console windows such as command line interface tools, command line interpreters, and text editors that do not need to display images. Csrss.exe runs in the Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, and Windows 7 operating systems and can be found in the primary hard drive’s C:\Windows\System32 folder. How Csrss.exe Works Csrss.exe works bridges the gap between kernel space and user space on the computer. Kernel space refers to an area of the hard drive that is dedicated to running the core system files and maintaining the programming that supports the Windows Operating System. User space refers to an area of the hard drive that is dedicated to applications, programs, tools, and other software on the computer, whether it is system-related or not. By translating information between these two hard drive sectors, Csrss.exe is able to help maintai

You can install the virtual SCSI controller driver during the installation of the guest operating system by performing the following steps: Description and screenshots where made while installing Windows Server 2008 on Virtual Server 2005 R2 SP1, however the same instructions apply to the installation of Windows Vista. For Windows 2000/2003/XP you will need to press the F6 key during the text phase of the installation process, then press “S” to specify additional drivers, and then provide the driver floppy image. 1. Begin the installation by inserting the appropriate Windows Server 2008 installation media into your DVD drive. 2. Continue with the installation process, until you reach the point where you’re prompted for the location of the system partition. Click on the Load Driver link. 3. Now you need to load the driver files as a virtual floppy image. The image’s name is “SCSI Shunt Driver.vfd”, and it is located in the C:\Program Files\Microsoft Virtual Server\Virtual Ma

tkrnlpa.exe is a process that runs on Windows NT, Windows XP, and the AT&T Assistant. It runs the kernel and other essential components of these operating systems. A kernel is a section of a partition that maintains an operating system’s most basic functions. By running the kernel and similar components, Ntkrnlpa.exe can run many programming-based tools that the user is not even aware of. Because of this, Ntkrnlpa.exe is a critical system process and should not be removed. The file itself can be found in the primary hard drive’s System32 and Windows folders. How Ntkrnlpa.exe Works Ntkrnlpa.exe runs kernel-based system services in order to perform a variety of background tasks. It contains several individual programs that work together to support the kernel of the Windows NT and XP operating systems. Ntkrnlpa.exe includes the Memory Manager, the Scheduler, the Security Reference Monitor, the Cache Manager, the Executive, and the Kernel itself. By running all of these differe

Ntoskrnl.exe (Windows boot up kernel) is a vital component utilized in the boot process for NT based Microsoft operating systems. It is also responsible for a host of system services such as process and memory management, security management, object management, hardware virtualization and so on. It holds several sub systems: Cache Manager, I/O Manager, Configuration Manager, Local Procedure Call, Memory Manager, Process Structure,Object Manager and Security Reference Monitor. Collectively, they form part of Executive services and System Services. As a result of such critical responsibilities, ntoskrnl.exe is a fundamental constituent of the Windows operating system. Ntoskrnl.exe in the Kernel mode In NT based Windows operating systems, ntoskrnl.exe is part of the Kernel mode. The kernel mode has complete access to the hardware and software components of the system. It acts as an intermediary between user mode services and applications and system critical modules. User mode service

Ntoskrnl.exe (Windows boot up kernel) is a vital component utilized in the boot process for NT based Microsoft operating systems. It is also responsible for a host of system services such as process and memory management, security management, object management, hardware virtualization and so on. It holds several sub systems: Cache Manager, I/O Manager, Configuration Manager, Local Procedure Call, Memory Manager, Process Structure, Object Manager and Security Reference Monitor. Collectively, they form part of Executive services and System Services. As a result of such critical responsibilities, ntoskrnl.exe is a fundamental constituent of the Windows operating system. NTOSKRNL.EXE is missing or corrupt The NTOSKRNL.EXE is missing or corrupt error message is usually encountered during the boot process of NT based Windows operating systems. It can also be classified as a blue screen error, which is a colloquial term coined by users to describe error screens displayed by Windows. Thes